Many works have attempted to define feudalism and its origins. In fact, it has been the subject most debated upon by social and legal historians. No definite answer has yet been given. However, the closest explanation to its origins seems to have been from a military necessity. From the need to reform the army around a new technology - the stirrup - the social order of Europe was transformed.
Military Theory of Feudalism:
It was the German historian Heinrich Brunner who first forwarded the idea that feudalism was essentially a military organisation created to support the use of cavalry in the armies. He based this theory on two factors, the change of emphasis amongst the Franks to a more cavalry focused army and the confiscation of Church lands by Charles Martel.
As to the first point, he noticed that when Charles Martel fought against the Muslims at the battle of Poitiers, 733, his army comprised mostly of infantry, as had previously been the case. However, at the battle of Dyle in 891, a source claims that the Franks were unaccustomed to fighting on foot. Brunner argued that it was the use of cavalry by the Muslims at Poitiers that led the Franks to drastically alter their style of combat to a more focused use of cavalry.
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